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Auto auctions Lloyd's syndicate auction. See [3]. From the end of the Roman Empire to the eighteenth century auctions lost favor in Europe,[8] while they had never been widespread in Asia.[6] Auto auctions Consignee In an open auction participants may repeatedly bid and are aware of each other's previous bids. The Romans also used auctions to liquidate the assets of debtors whose property had been confiscated.[8] For example, Marcus Aurelius sold household furniture to pay off debts, the sales lasting for months.[9] One of the most significant historical auctions occurred in the year 193 A.D. when the entire Roman Empire was put on the auction block by the Praetorian Guard. On March 23 The Praetorian Guard first killed emperor Pertinax, then offered the empire to the highest bidder. Didius Julianus outbid everyone else for the price of 6,250 drachmas per Guard[citation needed], an act that initiated a brief civil war. Didius was then beheaded two months later when Septimius Severus conquered Rome.[8] Outbid Buyout price Reserve auction is an auction where the item for sale may not be sold if the final bid is not high enough to satisfy the seller; that is, the seller reserves the right to accept or reject the highest bid.[25] In these cases a set 'reserve' price known to the auctioneer, but not necessarily to the bidders, may have been set, below which the item may not be sold.[24] The reserve price may be fixed or discretionary. In the latter case, the decision to accept a bid is deferred to the auctioneer, who may accept a bid that is marginally below it. A reserve auction is safer for the seller than a no-reserve auction as they are not required to accept a low bid, but this could result in a lower final price if less interest is generated in the sale.[25]
Silent auction is a variant of the English auction in which bids are written on a sheet of paper. At the predetermined end of the auction, the highest listed bidder wins the item.[29] This auction is often used in charity events, with many items auctioned simultaneously and "closed" at a common finish time.[29] The auction is "silent" in that there is no auctioneer selling individual items,[29] the bidders writing their bids on a bidding sheet often left on a table near the item.[30] At charity auctions, bid sheets usually have a fixed starting amount, predetermined bid increments, and a "guaranteed bid" amount which works the same as a "buy now" amount. Other variations of this type of auction may include sealed bids.[29] The highest bidder pays the price he or she submitted.[29] Combinatorial auction is any auction for the simultaneous sale of more than one item where bidders can place bids on an "all-or-nothing" basis on "packages" rather than just individual items. That is, a bidder can specify that he or she will pay for items A and B, but only if he or she gets both.[22] In combinatorial auctions, determining the winning bidder(s) can be a complex process where even the bidder with the highest individual bid is not guaranteed to win.[22] For example, in an auction with four items (W, X, Y and Z), if Bidder A offers $50 for items W & Y, Bidder B offers $30 for items W & X, Bidder C offers $5 for items X & Z and Bidder D offers $30 for items Y & Z, the winners will be Bidders B & D while Bidder A misses out because the combined bids of Bidders B & D is higher ($60) than for Bidders A and C ($55). In legal contexts where forced auctions occur, as when one's farm or house is sold at auction on the courthouse steps. Vickrey auction, also known as a sealed-bid second-price auction.[17] This is identical to the sealed first-price auction except that the winning bidder pays the second highest bid rather than his or her own.[18] This is very similar to the proxy bidding system used by eBay, where the winner pays the second highest bid plus a bidding increment (e.g., 10%).[17] Although extremely important in auction theory, in practice Vickrey auctions are rarely used.[14] Bid shadingBid shading is placing a bid which is below the bidder's actual value for the item. Such a strategy risks losing the auction, but has the possibility of winning at a low price. Bid shading can also be a strategy to avoid the Winner's curse. Game theory In wool auctions where international agents purchase lots of wool[39] 4 Auctions: characterization
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"Auctioneer" redirects here. For the DC Comics supervillain, see Auctioneer (comics). Increment Each type of auction has its specific qualities such as pricing accuracy and time required for preparing and conducting the auction. The number of simultaneous bidders is of critical importance. Open bidding during an extended period of time with many bidders will result in a final bid that is very close to the true market value. Where there are few bidders and each bidder is allowed only one bid, time is saved, but the winning bid may not reflect the true market value with any degree of accuracy. Of special interest and importance during the actual auction is the time elapsed from the moment that the first bid is revealed to the moment that the final (winning) bid has become a binding agreement. Other auctions: Other auction types also exist such as Simultaneous Ascending Auction,[34] Anglo-Dutch auction,[35] Private value auction,[36] Common value auction In the sale of collectibles such as stamps, coins, classic cars, fine art[37] and luxury real estate For the sale of consumer second-hand goods of all kinds, particularly farm (equipment) and house clearances and online auctions. Online auction tools
Sales of businesses Lloyd's syndicate auction. See [3]. Other auctions: Other auction types also exist such as Simultaneous Ascending Auction,[34] Anglo-Dutch auction,[35] Private value auction,[36] Common value auction For most of history, auctions have been a relatively uncommon way to negotiate the exchange of goods and commodities. In practice, both haggling and sale by set-price have been significantly more common.[5] Indeed, prior to the seventeenth century the few auctions that were held were sporadic and infrequent.[6] During the end of the 18th century, soon after the French Revolution, auctions came to be held in taverns and coffeehouses to sell art. Such auctions were held daily, and catalogs were printed to announce available items. Such Auction catalogs are frequently printed and distributed before auctions of rare or collectible items. In some cases these catalogs were elaborate works of art themselves, containing considerable detail about the items being auctioned.[citation needed] A ring can also be used to increase the price of an auction lot, in which the owner of the object being auctioned may increase competition by taking part in the bidding him or herself, but drop out of the bidding just before the final bid. In Britain and many other countries Rings and the bidding on one's own object are illegal. This form of a ring was used as a central plot device in an episode of the British television series Lovejoy (series 4, episode 3) in which the price of a watercolour by the (fictional) Jessie Webb is inflated in order that others by the same artist can be sold for more than their purchase price. Other auctions: Other auction types also exist such as Simultaneous Ascending Auction,[34] Anglo-Dutch auction,[35] Private value auction,[36] Common value auction 6.1 Bid shading